Compositional Interpretation/ Monaco’s Syntax Image Analysis

AUTHOR: Simon Ma
POST DATE: 28th August 2015
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: Compositional Interpretation/ Monaco’s syntax
LECTURE: Week 2

CONTEXTUAL INFORMATION
ARTIST: Katy Perry
TITLE: Firework
YEAR OF CREATION: 2010
STYLE: Music Video
IMAGE URL/ ORIGIN:  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGJuMBdaqIw

1.1

image1: Long shot to the parent. Someting happen to them

1.2

image2: Close shot to the boy, it can see the nagetive feeling

1.4

image3: Close shot to the children, the gilf is very vexed

1.3

image4: Long shot to the children, the boy looking to his parent and want to do something.

ANALYSIS USING COMPOSITIONAL INTERPRETATION
COLOR
The colour scheme of this video had used the low saturated color. This video also used the high saturated color on the face and chair. The high contrast will direct the audience to focus and easily get into it.
LIGHT
The lighting had used for illuminate characters’ faces and the chair. This setting can highlight the key object in the video.
SPATIAL ORGANISATION
The horizon line is basic on the boy’s eye height. The boy eye line is the key point to show the audience where they should look at. On the other hand, the boy and the chair had been set up as the central focal point for the whole scene.
EXPRESSIVE CONTENT
This music video created for the motivational effect. Even the life is hard, but if you can step out you can change the life. The whole video use dark color to present those peoples’ problems. Then used the firework which is very light color to say they have hope and they can change. It is a very high contract for the video and try to tell the audience the meaning of this music.
ANALYSIS USING MONACO SYNTAX
1. SHOT FRAME: SCREEN RATIO
1.33: 1 aspect ratio
2. SHOT FRAME: SCREEN FRAMING
It is an open frame, horizon line and eye line direct to the main object.

3.SCREEN PLANES

Through alternating long shots and close-ups between second screen and fourth screen, which emphasized his subjects’ expressions and the inter-reaction between the character and the scenery.

4.SHOT STRUCTURE

(Refer to image for further details)

5.SHOT FOCUS
These frame uses the “focus-switch” messages,which switch narrative focus and reverse temporal space. but it can be arbitrary, it shown into one scene.

6.CAMERA

The editor uses the  clipping skill to secure an immediate effective flow of images from the multiple viewpoints his cameras and their lenses collectively represent.

Visual Social Semiotics Image Analysis B

AUTHOR: Simon Ma

POST DATE: 28th August 2015

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: Visual Social Semiotics

LECTURE: Week 4

kate middleton and prince williamkate middleton and prince william222

CONTEXTUAL INFORMATION

ARTIST: Kate Middleton

TITLE: Photo of Kate Middleton With Lifted Skirt is Another Breach of Privacy

YEAR OF CREATION: 2014

COLLECTION/SOURCE: Kate middleton , news , royal

TECHNIQUE/MATERIAL: Photograph

DIMENSIONS: 634*675

IMAGE URL/ ORGIN: http://www.romancemeetslife.com/2014/05/photo-of-kate-middleton-lifted-skirt-is.html

CONTACT

This an clear whole body picture , two figures go direct to viewers by looking at different places. Standing straight makes them look confident and full of energy.

DISTANCE

The picture took a close-up photo of them, make viewers fells like get close to them.

POINT OF VIEW

This is a frontal angle of them, make the viewers felling so of them very benignity , very true. which creates a sense of confident and focused.

MODALITY 
This is high natural modality. The angles, the lighting and the perfect timing allow viewers to capture the ‘personality’, the look and the best expressions.

SALIENCE

This image, which is wonderful shades of green, blue and white, have the sharp silhouettes of hills and sky in the background. The  figures clothing is tonal collocation with clear background make them very beautiful, great temperament that enhance the experience for users.

COMPARSION BETWEEN BOTH SELFIE/PORTRAIT

In contrast, These two images are recorded using an different cameras angle, each of which views the object from a different point of view, The unusual angles to lend different feel to viewers. The viewers look at lmage differently from each other,  these two imagesalso have different backgrounds. 2 images lineup picture was set apart by a different background. Each different context or setting activates viewers a distinct set of brain regions.

LESSON LEARNT

Both images have their advantages and similarity. By studying Visual Social Semiotics , i have learnt the different these element can creat the different scene, interactive with audience according to different level of natural modality. As with the perspective used in the different images to capture every single element within the photography. In my future design work , I can be applied to actual development according to different requirements.

Visual Social Semiotics Image Analysis A

AUTHOR: Simon Ma

POST DATE: 28th August 2015

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: Visual Social Semiotics

please_like_me_highmodality

please_like_me_highmodalitty

LECTURE: Week 4

CONTEXTUAL INFORMATION

PHOTOGRAPHER: Ben Timony

TITLE: “Please Like Me”

YEAR OF CREATION: 2015

COLLECTION/SOURCE: Australian TV Series

TECHNIQUE/MATERIAL: Film Still

IMAGE URL/ ORGIN: https://convergingideaskib207.wordpress.com/tag/semiotics/

ANALYSIS USING VISUAL SOCIAL SEMIOTICS

This is a fictional Australian TV Series,This scene depicts  several young people gathered together for discusess somthing which occurred on a house party or social gathering. It is an indoor scene of a living room.

CONTACT

The 3 major figures gazing at each other, Other characters looking at the different directions in this scene. Both sides have their view point.

DISTANCE

The 3 main figures are distinct from other characters by a slight shallow depth of field, the main figures stand out in bold relief.

POINT OF VIEW

Using a wide-angle shot the depth of field,  create a sense of depth to viewers. Medium shot enhance the effect even further.

FRAMING

The characters are spaced evenly across the scene, One of the main figure engaged to the left of the frame, while the other two main figure are to the right of the frame. The characters and viewer are all at equal eye level to the audience.

MODALITY 

This high-modality image captures a scene from the first episode of the series. The viewers can see the whole picture much more clearer than main figures.

SALIENCE

Signified by the iconic plastic cups, alcohol bottles and snacks.  It is symbolic of a young, multicultural, middle-class, Australian society.

Definitions for Semiotics AND Visual Social Semiotics

Semiotics:

Semiotics is how a person derives information from a symbol. It includes how they interpret the symbol and its meaning to how they frame their understanding of an image.

This understanding can evoke literal meanings of what an image is or stir up emotions from symbols and other abstract indicators.

 

Visual Social Semiotics:

The method of how the viewer interprets social cues within a composition. This relies on various techniques such as point of view, distance and eye contact. The combination of these techniques engages the viewer in different ways, allowing a composition to direct the eyes of a viewer, focus their attention on somewhere specific or read into social interactions creating inferences into mood and emotions.

All Analysis Benjamin Leong n5084067 posted 28/08/2015

Week 2, Lecture 1 Perception IMAGE 1

Week-2-CI-Monet

Contextual Information:

Artist: Claude Monet

Title: Haystacks (Effect of Snow and Sun)

Year of Creation – 1891

Dimensions: 64.4 x 92.1cm

Collection/Source: The Metropolitan Museum of Art

Technique, Material – Oil Painting on Canvas

Genre – Landscape Oil Painting

http: http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/29.100.109

Analysis Using Compositional Interpretation

This image depicts Haystacks during the daytime in the snow. The main hues used are a mixture of blues for the snow and yellow-ey green for the haystacks. Both generally at low saturation levels only increasing in value to accentuate the effect of shadows.

Monet has created a focal point by four main techniques. The first is by creating a ‘frame’ of the snow with the higher value blue streak in the middle cushioned by lower value blues above and below it forcing the viewer to focus on a particular segment.

The second is by utilizing the natural directive lines of the haystack shape to create a ‘V’ area where the eyes tend to be drawn to.

The close proximity of the two haystacks also encourages the observer to view them as a unit helping to focus attention

the last usage is mainly the colour contrast between the blue snow and the yellow-ey green hay which draws the viewer in.

Lesson Learnt

I learnt that it’s possible to create an image that gives the sense of space but through using different values of the same hue, it’s possible to create a focal point to draw the viewer.

 


 

Week 2, Lecture 1 Perception IMAGE 2

Week-2-CI-Katsushika-Hokusai

Contextual Information:

Artist Katsushika Hokusai

Title: The Great Wave off Kanagawa

Year of Creation – Between 1830 – 1833

Dimensions 25.7cm x 37.9cm

Collection/Source: The Metropolitan Museum of Art

Technique, Material: Polychrome Woodblock Print; Ink and Colour on Paper

Genre – Landscape Painting

Analysis Using Compositional Interpretation

 

http://www.metmuseum.org/collection/the-collection-online/search/45434

This image depicts a great wave and sailors in boats near with a mountain.

The image is highly saturated hues of blue, white, black and yellow/green.

The main strength of this image is the dynamic feeling of the waves creating natural direction lines for the eye to follow, bringing the viewer to the mountain in the centre of the image. This focus is assisted by the highly saturated whites of the sea froth which creates a natural frame towards the mountain and the bluish black hue around the mountain creates a contrast which “traps” the eye of the viewer.

What I learned.

This piece gave me a higher appreciation of how to deconstruct art and the way that compositional analysis can be applied to artwork of different cultures in different time periods.

 


 

Student Name: Benjamin Leong

Week 3 Semiotics IMAGE 1

Week-3-Semiotics-Takanori-Matsumoto

Contextual Information:

Artist: Takanori Matsumoto

Title: Switch to Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs

Year of Creation – 2009

Dimensions 50cmx70cm

Collection/Source: World Wildlife Fund

Technique: Digital Print

Genre – Advertisement

http://posters.panda.org/poster/22/switch-to-compact-fluorescent-light-bulbs

Extra Info: http://good50x70.org/2009/gallery/climate-change/#poster6

Analysis: 

The eye is lead through the top left of the grenade top with a lighting highlight. And is drawn down by the vertical shape of the grenade and light filament and stops at the horizontal text. The text is anchoring directly telling the viewer to do something.

The image creates a sense of danger in two ways. The first is the combination of two icons, a bulb and the grenade top to create direct reference to an explosive.

The second is the fact that the light filament is off and the grenade is in an unarmed position creating a sense of fear and danger.

What I learned

I learned that it’s important to also consider what the image is ‘not’ saying and how that can create another layer of meaning to a composition.

 


 

 

Student Name: Benjamin Leong

Week 3 Semiotics IMAGE 2

Week-3-Semiotics-Christian-Rivera

Contextual Information:

Artist: Christian Rivera, Marco Tantalean

Title: Turn on your adventure

Year of Creation – 2012

Dimensions unknown

Collection/Source: Ads Of The World

Technique: Digital Print

Genre – Advertisement

http://adsoftheworld.com/media/print/volkswagen_amarok_city?size=original

Analysis: 

This ad denotes a car key with the grooves changed into a city landscape, it contains text, car and logo.

The eye is drawn from left to right by the key coming in from “off screen” and is focused by the slight gradient effect by the greyish blue hue changing from high to low value as it draws toward the middle of the image.

This image promotes adventure firstly through the key itself indexing the idea of accessibility followed by the cityscape symbolising the ability for exploration

The bolded “Turn on your adventure” is a relay text further enforcing the idea of exploration/adventure and the text below is anchorage, clearly stating what the vehicle is capable of.

What I learned

The act of combining different images can create a convincing narrative and evoke certain feelings and expectations.

 


 

 

Student Name: Benjamin Leong

Week 4 Visual Social Semiotics IMAGE 1

Week-4-Visual-Social-Semiotics-Sebastian-Siah

 

Contextual Information:

Artist: Sebastian Siah | Publicis Singapore

Title: “Liking Isn’t Helping” Crisis Relief Singapore Campaign

Year of Creation –  2014

Dimensions unknown

Collection/Source: Dandad

Technique: Wood Pencil, Outdoor Advertising, Photograph

Genre – Advertisement

http://www.dandad.org/awards/professional/2014/outdoor-advertising/23143/liking-isnt-helping-war/

Analysis

The main focal point of this image is the face of the child. This is created by the directional lines of the many hands extending towards the child effectively creating a frame due to their close proximity. It is also assisted by the high level of salience of the woman’s veil, the boy’s pants and the blanket helping to frame attention at the child.

The viewer experiences a high point of view looking down on the scene giving a sense of power at a medium distance shot connecting the viewer socially to the scene.

The contact of the child is towards the woman’s face creating a very private moment which is assisted by the high level of modality.

What I learned

By using visual social semiotics effectively a designer is able to create awareness and draw the viewer into moments that might otherwise may never occur in daily life in a 1st world country.

 


 

 

Student Name: Benjamin Leong

Week 4 Visual Social Semiotics IMAGE 2

Week-4-Visual-Social-Semiotics-Clive-Stewart

Contextual Information:

Artist: Clive Stewart, Suhana Gordhan | Black River FC Johannesburg SA

Title: 1st for Women Insurance Brokers: Fence

Year of Creation –  2013

Dimensions unknown

Collection/Source: Ads Of The World

Technique: Photograph Digital Print

Genre – Advertisement

http://adsoftheworld.com/media/print/1st_for_women_insurance_brokers_fence?size=original

Analysis

This image is an ad for an insurance company insuring women only in South Africa.

The text is a narrative adding more context for the actions of the men by adding an extra story on the thought process and conversation of the characters.

The contact lines of the men are all directed towards a point where the hand is about to meet the electric fence. drawing the viewer to that area.

Salience is used in this image through the greying grass and creating a frame/stage for the characters.

The long shot creates a sense of a bystander from a safe distance who’s able to view the whole scene

what I learned

Depending on the distance of the image different effects may take place. If the shot were closer like the Crisis Singapore composition then the feeling would change from bystander to a person within the social circle of the men looking on, possibly taking part in touching the wire.

 


 

 

Student Name: Benjamin Leong

CI and Monaco’s Syntax

 

Week-4-Monaco-syntax

Contextual Information:

Artist: George Patterson and Partners

Title: The “Big Ad”

Year of Creation –  2005

Genre – Advertisement

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_wM2c3WtDjQ

Analysis

The colour scheme utilises highly saturated hues to help differentiate the people from the background.

The sequence is shot in 2.35:1 Cinema Scope to add a sense of grandness to the commercial but also, due to the fact that many individuals are being caught on frame the shots are required to be very far.

this ad utilizes the key factor in gestalt theory of proximity to create larger images out of individuals

To bring attention to everything the sequence is all in focus allowing the viewer to see all the action.

The framing for the first two screenshots are open, leaving space for the viewer to “run” with the characters. The latter two shots are closed utilizing the mountains to help draw the viewer to the horizon line where more people stand, the last creates a frame via hues where the beer is being poured into the mouth.

 

Semiotics Image Analysis B

CE MA (Simon)

Date of Post :26 / 08 / 2015

Topic and relevant lecture week:  week 2 ( advertisements for an effective, accomplished advertising/marketing campaign.)

fabercastell-truecolours-aubergine

fabercastell-truecolours-aubergine222

Artist : Inspicationtlat

Title: Effective Advertisements

Year of creation : July 24, 2013

Dimensions: 660 * 446

Collection/source: Features of an effective advertisements

Technique, material :  Photography-Based advertisement

Genre: Picture

Style: Effective advertisements photo

Image URL / origin : http://inspirationhut.net/inspiration/30-simple-and-super-effective-print-banner-advertisements/

ANALYSIS USING SEMIOTICS

SIGNS:

Purple Color (Image of  Eggplant ) = symbol
Product(Image of pencil) = index/icon

Judging by its function, strong color image is the most attractive code in advertising and the most emotionalized and personalized language, they are more amiable and compatible. The people may actually believe that buying and using the product will make them “be like” the color featured in the ad. The  Eggplant as a symbol meant bright color.
The gray background velocity steadily to create a feeling of atmosphere. Facial symmetry: Enhanced with purple, yellow and green patterns. the eye will notice faster the elements that are larger or having greater contrast with the background color or having a hot color. It try to make our photo more natural, vivid, and intuitive, a good understanding of symbol and index. which could amuse an audience and prompt them to tell others about it. There is a catchphrase to the campaign, which is short and easy to remember.

Comparsion Between the two ads:

There is a similarities between the two ads showed above. visual elements (symbol and index) can be visually, vividly convey the product information. The image 2 is more vivid and compelling and easier to feel. Compare image 2 to image 1, which shows the interact with viewer in a more intuitive way. These two ads can be identified eventually according to the semiotics principles.

Lesson Learnt:

Represent the ads whenever proper, maintain a semiotics principles connection with viewer and designer, keeping the information flowing smoothly communicate with others. I have learnt a lot from  semiotics principles. I will use it in my future design work.

Semiotics Image Analysis A

CE MA (Simon)

Date of Post :26 / 08 / 2015

Topic and relevant lecture week: week 2 ( advertisements for an effective, accomplished advertising/marketing campaign. )

fish

fish222

Artist : Julianakok

Title: Features of an effective advertisements

Year of creation : August , 2012

Dimensions: 660 * 640

Collection/source: Features of an effective advertisements

Technique, material : Photography

Genre: Photography

Style:  effective advertisements photo

Image URL / origin : http://mind42.com/mindmap/e614c00a-f9e9-44ea-a9af-76bbf34f5f2f?rel=pmb

SIGNS:

1. A goldfish and bowl
2. A running tap
3. Leaving water

Resource(image of water) = Index/ Iconic respresntation
Human(image of goldfish) = symbol
Earth(image of bowl) = symbol

SIGNS:

Delicate concise model design style , the language wielding the adept but concise line, overall hue adopt pure white , optesthesia experiences cheerful fresh people , expert is demure. The fish as a symbol meant human while bowl meant earth.  The space is with black, white and gray tones, and the simple atmosphere around the whole picture.This advertisements picture remind us of something we should concern and focus on water-saving. Based on semiotics theory, it elaborated the perception rule of hot abstract poster, which provided new reference for image semiotics and art design.
The main color inside are gray, white and black. Cool colors work best for backgrounds as they appear to recede away from us into the background. Light colors such as white and cream and cold colors including red and blue bring freshness to our eyes.
Using the  light setup,  switch Shadow Type to Hard Shadows, then the transition from lit to shadowed regions is “hard”.  The picture add gloss with Overlay or Soft Light layer styles to make it blend in with the slogan more the same way it looks.
This image has clean layouts, little use of color, and few design elements. Seemingly simple color and graphics, but hidden in a story to users.

.

Compositional Interpretation/ Monaco’s Syntax Image Analysis

AUTHOR: Curtis Lau

POST DATE: 25th August 2015

Updated on the 26th August 2015

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: Compositional Interpretation/ Monaco’s syntax

LECTURE: Week 2

music video

 CONTEXTUAL INFORMATION

ARTIST: Katy Perry

TITLE: Dark Horse ft. Juicy J

YEAR OF CREATION: 2013

STYLE: Music Video

IMAGE URL/ ORIGIN:  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0KSOMA3QBU0

ANALYSIS USING COMPOSITIONAL INTERPRETATION

 COLOUR

The colour scheme is consistent throughout the still frames as highly saturated colours is used. However, the shiny stainless steel metal cup grabs the user’s attention as they first view these few frames, which is considered to be the main element.

LIGHT

 The lighting effects are used to enhance certain areas of the space, including the ancient Egyptian painting, located in the background. In addition, reflective lighting has been used to highlight the object, the cup.

 SPATIAL ORGANISATION

Although the horizon lines is not clearly defined, the hand gestures for both frames 2-3 lead the users to a single point, cup, which is identified as the central focal point throughout these frames provided.

 EXPRESSIVE CONTENT

In this music video, it feels like the viewers are like in a dreamy/fantasy world, with the combination of ancient, Egyptians Mask and painting, and a touch of the elements in the contemporary era, bright modern spaces.

ANALYSIS USING MONACO SYNTAX

  1. SHOT FRAME: SCREEN RATIO

1.33: 1 aspect ratio

  1. SHOT FRAME: SCREEN FRAMING

It is a closed frame as all the directional lines leads into the centre of the frame

  1. SCREEN PLANES

In the second frame, the cup is overlapping Katy Perry as is she eventually converging closer it for a drink shown in              the third screen. Therefore the relative size becomes apparent.

  1. SHOT STRUCTURE

(Refer to image for further details)

  1. SHOT FOCUS

All the frame uses a shallow focus to direct the users to the relationship between the cup and users within the image.          However, still keeping the context visible.

  1. CAMERA

Throughout this clip, the editor uses the inferred technique, where the interaction between each frames seems to get           closer to us.

References 

  1. Rose, G. (2001). Chapter 2: The Good Eye. In G. Rose, Visual Methodologies: an introduction to the interpretation of visual materials (pp.33-53). United States, US: SAGE Publications Inc.

Visual Social Semiotics Image Analysis B

AUTHOR: Curtis Lau

POST DATE: 25th August 2015

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: Visual Social Semiotics

LECTURE: Week 4

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CONTEXTUAL INFORMATION

ARTIST: Johannes Vermeer

TITLE: “The Girl with the Pearl Earrings”

YEAR OF CREATION: ~1665-1667

COLLECTION/SOURCE: Royal Picture Gallery Mauritshuis/ Frick Collection in New York

TECHNIQUE/MATERIAL: Oil-Based Canvas Painting

DIMENSIONS: 46.5cm x 40cm

IMAGE URL/ ORGIN: http://www.slate.com/content/dam/slate/articles/arts/culturebox/2013/10/131029_CBOX_Vermeer-GirlPearlEarring.jpg.CROP.original-original.jpg

This narrative based selfie is a painting of a girl. She was also known as “the girl with the pearl earring”.

CONTACT

She is positioned to look straight at us and has developed into a powerful image with her body stance.

DISTANCE

This painting is a close up view for her and viewers will easily be able to have an intimate relationship with the object.

POINT OF VIEW

This is also a frontal angle of her but this time she is slighting angled, which creates a sense of power.

MODALITY 

This is low natural modality as it is a painting. However, every single detail of her is captured in this original painting.

SALIENCE

The lighting effects on her face and the highlights in her hair grab the viewer’s attraction. The black and plain background also helps make her stand out and will eventually enhance the users experience. Her clothing is dark and kind of blends into the background, which makes users focus on the details of her head.

COMPARSION BETWEEN BOTH SELFIE/PORTRAIT

Obviously, the style is the major difference between these two images, which changes the modality levels of them. However, portraits can be detailed as like a photograph if time and effort was put into them. The distance level and the amount of people will also change the mood and relationship of an image.

LESSON LEARNT

Although the images are both similar in the way, I feel that different visual social semiotics characteristics will effect how the users will interpretation the image. In addition, the eye contact is very important within a image as we as designers have to learnt to try to avoid users from looking outside the frame, staying inside the frame is a challenge to designers as we want users to capture every single element within the photograph, advertisement and even paintings.

References 

  1. Jewitt, C. & Oyama, R. (2004). Visual Meaning: A Social Semiotic Approach. In T. Van Leeuwen & C.Jewitt, Handbook of Visual Analysis (pp.134-157). London: SAGE Publications Ltd.

Visual Social Semiotics Image Analysis A

AUTHOR: Curtis Lau

POST DATE: 25th August 2015

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: Visual Social Semiotics

LECTURE: Week 4

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CONTEXTUAL INFORMATION

PHOTOGRAPHER: Delta Goodrem

TITLE: Audition-Jeremy Ryan family with Coach Ricky Martin

YEAR OF CREATION: 2015

COLLECTION/SOURCE: The Voice Australia

TECHNIQUE/MATERIAL: Photography-Based Selfie

IMAGE URL/ ORGIN: https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CJtKBJKUsAAJytK.jpg

ANALYSIS USING VISUAL SOCIAL SEMIOTICS

This narrative based selfie is derived from The Voice Australia and creates a scene for users to have different perceptive about the image.

CONTACT

Although the several children are all looking at different directions, all the adults within this picture are all staring straight at the users.

DISTANCE

The shot of this image is a medium shot, which connections the viewers on a social level.

POINT OF VIEW

The fontal angle is used for this image as the users are standings straight and tall, which create a sense of power to viewers.

FRAMING

There are right angles located on all four corners, which creates a frame around the image. This type of technique used develops boundaries.

MODALITY 

Since this was taken on a phone, a high natural modality level has been used and allows viewers to identify the users within the image. There is no sign of intensive editing in this image. The lighting effect blurs the background so the viewers’ only focuses on the family and the big red chair.

SALIENCE

The highly saturated red chair and the light inside the button stands out from the rest of the image and creates a three dimensional atmosphere.

References 

  1. Jewitt, C. & Oyama, R. (2004). Visual Meaning: A Social Semiotic Approach. In T. Van Leeuwen & C.Jewitt, Handbook of Visual Analysis (pp.134-157). London: SAGE Publications Ltd.